Freedom Under the Law Out of Reach
Sunday, September 06, 2009 03:46 AM
by Justice Wallace Gilby Craig, (retired)
MUSE with me over the influence of America’s turbulent 1960s and 1970s on our way of life and freedom under the law.
First: a historical backdrop.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Canadians were expected to abide by established social customs that emphasized personal responsibility ingrained with morality and ethics.
We cherished England’s version of personal freedom under the common law, and held it to be the indispensable characteristic of our society.
In 1949, Sir Alfred Denning, one of England’s appellate judges, was invited by the Hamlyn Trust to deliver a public lecture on personal freedom. In Freedom Under the Law Denning defined English personal freedom as a privilege and responsibility endowed with common-law protection. “The freedom of the individual … has to be balanced with his duty; for … everyone owes a duty to the society of which he forms part.”
Denning said that freedom under the law is the expectation of every law abiding citizen that he may go about his personal and business occasions “without hindrance from any other persons,” in a community that maintains “peace and good order.”
“The freedom of the just man is worth little to him if he can be preyed upon by the murderer or thief. Every society must have the means to protect itself from marauders. It must have the power to arrest, to search, and to imprison those who break the law because they are the safeguards of freedom.”
In 1949, Canada’s Criminal Code contained powers and procedures in keeping with English common law. We had personal freedom within our duty to the community at large; a privilege that was actualized by an effective criminal justice and penitentiary system.
In the 1940s, while black Americans endured chronic discrimination, most Americans sheltered under their constitutional rights including life, liberty and equality in a society that emphasized initiative in climbing the economic ladder. It was a culture that preached morality, deferral of gratification, civility, family and community values, and lawful behaviour.
However, just when America had become a materialist society in the 1960s, it was beset by rising opposition to the Vietnam War, an implacable campaign of black-Americans to secure full rights as citizens, the rise of feminism, a sexual revolution, and an insatiable drug subculture of people from all walks of life.
Out of this 1960s tinderbox a patchwork counterculture emerged, challenging the existing social order and its expectation of lifelong virtue. Old-fashioned personal responsibility was swept aside by guilt-free selfhood. Alternative life-styles offered an end to the grind of work and duty to family and community; and for the purely narcissistic, personal liberation became a quest for drug-induced oblivion.
I watched it unfold, amused and fascinated, unaware that it had captured the imagination of younger Canadians.
In 1967, many of Canada’s budding “flower children” headed south to San Francisco to join hundreds of thousands of young Americans converging on the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, where they mingled with peaceniks, writers, artists, musicians, and hippies in the now mythical Summer of Love.
At the same time, Vancouver’s Fourth Avenue became a Haight-Ashbury-north with a concentration of flower children, hippies, heads, and freaks – all in pursuit of personal liberation under the rallying cry of peace and love, and a proclaimed inherent right to live by spontaneity.
Like it or not, America’s time of dysfunction changed the way Canadians behaved. The sexual revolution came bounding in and still has its legs. Drug addiction proliferated among young and old, rich and poor alike.
Our criminal law released its grip on criminal behaviour: out went vagrancy laws, in came easy bail, lenient sentencing, early parole, and rehabilitation over punishment. Canada was well on the road to becoming a land fit for criminals.
It became a certainty in 1982, when our Constitution was repatriated from England and fleshed out with Pierre Elliott Trudeau’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The charters legal rights (sections 7-14) guarantee criminals an entitlement to turn a criminal trial away from the merits of evidence of their guilt, and into a case against the prosecution and police over the manner in which the evidence was obtained.
We’ve lived with the charter for almost 30 years; the menace of drug abuse and trafficking is greater today; unprovoked violence and rampant property crime are beyond control. And while judges have been attempting to transform criminals into gracious men of honour, law abiding citizens have been equipping their homes and business premises with heavy-duty bars and steel closures – a terrible metaphor: decent citizens behind bars while rogues prowl about freely.
Once within our grasp, Sir Alfred Denning’s “freedom under the law” is now beyond our reach.
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